![]() The authors survey published normative values for clinical, healthy, and optimal performance populations. Non-linear measurements quantify the unpredictability and complexity of a series of IBIs. Frequency-domain values calculate the absolute or relative amount of signal energy within component bands. Time-domain indices quantify the amount of HRV observed during monitoring periods that may range from ~2 min to 24 h. The authors provide an overview of widely-used HRV time-domain, frequency-domain, and non-linear metrics. This article briefly reviews current perspectives on the mechanisms that generate 24 h, short-term (~5 min), and ultra-short-term (<5 min) HRV, the importance of HRV, and its implications for health and performance. The oscillations of a healthy heart are complex and constantly changing, which allow the cardiovascular system to rapidly adjust to sudden physical and psychological challenges to homeostasis. ![]() Heart rate variability (HRV) consists of changes in the time intervals between consecutive heartbeats called interbeat intervals (IBIs). Healthy biological systems exhibit complex patterns of variability that can be described by mathematical chaos.
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